On 2 May 2023, the Digital Markets Act (DMA), including data transmission and processing obligations, was implemented. The DMA defines “gatekeepers” as the companies providing “a core platform service” (such as browsers, messengers or social media) that operate in three or more member states and have more than 45 million monthly “end users” and 10'000 “business users”. Furthermore, such companies must have an annual turnover of over EUR 7.5 billion or at least EUR 75 billion of market capitalisation. The DMA bans the combination of personal data between different services provided by the gatekeeper. Finally, the Commission can impose fines of up to 10% of the gatekeeper's total worldwide turnover in the preceding financial year and up to 20% in case of repeated infringements.
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